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Penkios žymios moterys, penki Lietuvos dvarai

Penkios žymios moterys, penki Lietuvos dvarai

Moterys dvaruose – kokios jos? Karalienės, grafaitės, žmonos, dvarų valdytojos, visuomenės veikėjos, mecenatės ir kūrėjos… Kviečiame pasidomėti kai kuriomis Lietuvos istorijoje žymiomis moterimis ir dvarais, su kuriais jų gyvenimai vienaip ar kitaip susiję.

​Jurbarko dvaras – LDK valdovų žmonų nuosavybė

XVI a. Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje dvaro vaidmuo buvo itin svarbus, o didikių moterų valdomi dvarai buvo vis labiau įsitvirtinantis reiškinys. Valdomas dvaras užtikrino moters prestižą, įgalino jos įtaką ir aktyvią veiklą visuomenėje.

Bona Sforza. 1517 m.Iš: Decius I. L

Bona Sforza. 1517 m.Iš: Decius I. L. Garsioji karalienė Bona Sforza d`Aragona (1494–1557) sumaniai valdė daug LDK žemių, o jos administruojamos valdos teikė daug pelno. Ypatingai puikaus išsilavinimo, kaip manoma, su pačiu Leonardu da Vinči jaunystėje bendravusi moteris be kitų dalykų žinoma ir kaip į Lietuvos architektūrą ir meną atvežusi Renesansą, o į virtuvę – šakutę ir naujus, prieš tai egzotiškais laikytus produktus. Į Lietuvą atvykusiai jaunai Žygimanto Senojo žmonai kaip viena iš valdų atiteko Jurbarko dvaras. Jurbarko dvaras Bona Sforza XVI amžiuje plėtė Jurbarko miestą, jos iniciatyva čia buvo pastatyta bažnyčia. Vėliau Jurbarkas priklausė kitoms Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų žmonoms – Zigmanto Vazos žmonai Onai Habsburgaitei, Vladislovo Vazos žmonai Cecilijai Renatai Habsburgaitei, Vladislovo Vazos ir Jono Kazimiero žmonai Liudvikai Marijai.

Jurbarko dvaras

Vienintelė žinoma moteris savininkė Liubavo dvaro valdytojų istorijoje – Tyzenhauzų šeimos atstovė Grafaitė, Šmeltinsko seniūnaitė Teresė Tyzenhauzaitė (1731–1764) prie Vilniaus esantį Liubavo dvarą paveldėjo iš savo globėjos, Teresės Krišpinaitės ir valdė jį nuo 1753 m.

Liubavo dvaras

Galima numanyti, kad Benedikto Tyzenhauzo duktė, Antano Tyzenhauzo (1733–1785) vyresnioji sesuo turėjusi gerą auklėjimą, tačiau bendrai apie šią aukštos kilmės moterį žinoma mažai. Taip pat nėra tiksliai žinoma, kiek laiko dvaras buvo šios moters rankose, galbūt tik keletą mėnesių iki jos vedybų tais pačiais 1753-aisiais su Antanu Kazimieru Tiškevičiumi.

Teresė Tyzenhauzaitė. Nežinomas tapytojas, apie 1760–1764 m.Varšuvos nacionalinis muziejus (MNW).

Tačiau Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje taip pat dažna buvo situacija, kai valdos po santuokos nebuvo perrašomos ir moteris likdavo vienintele savo iki vedybų turėto turto valdytoja. Tuomet Teresės Tyzenhauzaitės Liubavo dvaro valdymo laikotarpis galėjo trukti gerą dešimtmetį, iki pat jos mirties 1764 m.

Kairėnų dvaro aplinkoje augo pirmoji moteris rašytoja Lietuvoje

Sofija Tyzenhauzaitė de Šuazel-Gufjė (1790–1878), Rokiškio grafo Ignato Tyzenhauzo dukra buvo pirmoji moteris rašytoja istorinėje Lietuvoje.

Kairėnų dvaro aplinka

Protu ir grožiu išsiskyrusi grafaitė sužavėjo patį carą Aleksandrą, o imperatorius Napoleonas yra pasakęs: „Ką aš pajutau malonaus tame žygyje į Rusiją, tai pažintis su Sofija“. Vaikystėje, po tėvų skyrybų Sofija augo Kairėnų dvare netoli Vilniaus, generolo Juozapo Morikonio ir jo žmonos Konstancijos Šadurskytės šeimoje.

Sofijos Tyzenhauzaitės portretas, iš Žemaičių muziejaus „Alka“ rinkinių

Vėliau gyveno Rokiškyje, kur 1818 m. ištekėjo už grafo Antuano Lui Oktavijaus de Šuazel-Gufjė. Prancūzų kalba kūrusi moteris rašė daugiausia istorinius romanus, remdamasi tikrais Lietuvos istorijos faktais.

Plungės dvare beveik keturiasdešimt metų gyveno viena gražiausių Europos moterų savo laiku

Grafaitė Marija Skuževska Oginskienė (apie 1857–1945), jaunystėje buvusi Austrijos imperatoriaus freilina, 1876 m. tapo Plungės dvaro savininko kunigaikščio Mykolo Mikalojaus Severino Marko Oginskio (1849–1902) žmona, kunigaikštiene Oginskiene ir kartu su vyru apsigyveno Lietuvoje, Žemaitijoje.

Marija Teresė Kaspara Skuževskytė-Oginskienė (apie 1857–1945). Kazimierz Mordasewicz.

Apie ją buvo atsiliepiama kaip apie vieną gražiausių Europos moterų, tačiau taip pat ji garsėjo ir savo įnoringu, išdidumo kupinu charakteriu. Plungės dvare kartu su vyru Marija Oginskienė praleido beveik keturiasdešimt metų. Ji rūpinosi beglobiais vaikais ir našlaičiais, spaudos draudimo metais, padedant kunigams, buvo įsteigusi daraktorių mokyklą, o 1905 m., po lietuviškos spaudos atgavimo, įsteigė oficialią lietuvišką mokyklą.

L.Bartašiaus nuotr./Plungės dvaras

Marija Oginskienė taip pat rūpinosi seneliais ir ligoniais. Po kunigaikščio mirties 1902 m. jo žmona tęsė visuomeninę, filantropinę veiklą. Prasidėjus I-ajam pasauliniam karui ji išvyko į gimtąją Lenkiją ir buvo aktyvi visuomenės veikėja Poznanėje.​

Markučių dvarą kraičiu gavusi moteris galiausiai tapo pirmojo literatūrinio, Aleksandro Puškino muziejaus pradininke

Varvara Puškina (1855–1935) Markučių dvarą gavo kaip kraitį iš savo tėvo, rusų geležinkelių inžinieriaus A. Melnikovo 1875 m., ištekėdama už pirmojo vyro Vasilijaus Moškovo. Pirmai santuokai nenusisekus, Varvaros antruoju vyru 1883 m. spalio 24 d. tapo poeto Aleksandro Puškino jaunesnysis sūnus Grigorijus.

Markučių dvaras

1899 m. jiedu apsigyveno Markučių dvare. Varvara Puškina buvo aktyvi visuomenės veikėja, dalyvavo labdaringoje veikloje, šelpė ir globojo neturtingus moksleivius, išlaikė ir leido mokytis keletą našlaičių, I-ojo pasaulinio karo metais buvo sesele Raudonojo kryžiaus organizacijoje. Laisvalaikiu moteris domėjosi menais, literatūra, muzika, daile, pati piešė ir tapė, kūrė rankdarbius.

Varvara Melnikova (Puškina) jaunystėje. Iš literatūrinio A.Puškino muziejaus rinkinių.

Jos namuose dažnai vykdavo intelektualų susitikimai, buvo organizuojami įvairūs vakarai. Po vyro mirties Varvara Puškina rūpinosi, kad būtų išsaugotos poeto relikvijos ir testamentu paliko centrinį dvaro pastatą valstybei, nurodydama įkurti muziejų. Vokiečių okupacijos laikais Markučių dvaras stipriai nukentėjo. Vienvalde dvaro šeimininke likusi Varvara Puškina visą likusį gyvenimą mėgino išlaikyti dvarą, tačiau jai teko vis pardavinėti dvaro žemes, kol galiausiai, paskutiniais gyvenimo metais, tebuvo likusi vos daugiau nei 3 hektarų dvaro dalis su centrine sodyba. 1948 m. Markučių dvare buvo įkurtas pirmasis literatūrinis, Aleksandro Puškino muziejus Lietuvoje.

Autorius: ​​​​​​​Vilma Dečkutė Žukauskienė

www.15min.lt

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